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Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Chemical Structure and Classification
• History and Popularity
• Subjective Effects
• Pharmacological Properties
• Metabolism and Toxicity

Introduction

4-Methylmethcathinone, commonly referred to as mephedrone, 4-MMC, M-CAT, drone, or meow meow, is a novel entactogen-stimulant belonging to the cathinone class. Mephedrone is categorized as a substituted cathinone, which are chemical derivatives of cathinone, the active ingredient found in the khat plant (Catha edulis). This substance is believed to exert its effects by enhancing the release of key neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, in the brain.

Chemical Structure and Classification

Mephedrone (4-MMC) is a synthetic derivative of the cathinone family. The chemical structure of cathinones resembles that of amphetamines, featuring a phenethylamine core. This core includes a phenyl ring that is connected to an amino group through an ethyl chain. Cathinones are distinguished from amphetamines by the presence of an additional carbonyl group. Mephedrone specifically contains additional methyl substitutions at the nitrogen atom (RN) and the fourth position (R4) of its phenyl ring, which are similar to the structural features of MDMA and methamphetamine.

History and Popularity

Originally synthesized in 1929, mephedrone did not gain significant attention until its rediscovery in 2003. By 2007, the substance was reportedly available for purchase online. The rise in popularity caught the attention of law enforcement agencies by 2008, and by 2010, mephedrone had been reported widely across Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom.

Subjective Effects

Users of mephedrone report a range of subjective effects that include:

• Stimulation: Increased energy and alertness.
• Anxiety Suppression: Reduction in feelings of anxiety.
• Disinhibition: A decrease in social inhibitions.
• Enhanced Empathy and Sociability: Increased feelings of connectedness and empathy towards others.
• Relaxation: A sense of calmness.
• Increased Libido: Heightened sexual desire.
• Euphoria: Intense feelings of happiness and well-being.

The overall effects of mephedrone can be described as a blend of traditional stimulant and entactogenic experiences, reminiscent of the effects associated with cocaine and MDMA. Mephedrone is commonly found in tablet or powder form, which can be ingested by swallowing, snorting, injecting, or rectally administering. It is often misrepresented as MDMA, known colloquially as "molly."

Pharmacological Properties

The pharmacological profile of mephedrone suggests it functions as both a releasing agent and a reuptake inhibitor for monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

Research conducted near the end of 2011 investigated the effects of mephedrone on rat brains, specifically examining its reinforcing potential. Using microdialysis, the study measured the release of dopamine and serotonin in response to mephedrone administration. Results indicated that mephedrone caused a remarkable 500% increase in dopamine levels and a staggering 950% increase in serotonin levels. These neurotransmitters reached peak concentrations at 40 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively, and returned to baseline levels within 120 minutes post-injection.

Further analysis of the ratio of dopamine to serotonin revealed that mephedrone preferentially acts as a serotonin releaser, with a ratio of 1.22:1. The decay rates of dopamine and serotonin were calculated to be 24.5 minutes and 25.5 minutes, respectively. These findings illustrate that mephedrone induces a significant surge in both neurotransmitters, followed by rapid clearance, which likely contributes to the euphoric and stimulating subjective experiences reported by users. Additionally, the swift rise and subsequent decline of dopamine levels may account for the addictive properties observed in some individuals who use mephedrone.

Metabolism and Toxicity

Despite the growing interest in mephedrone, there is limited data available regarding its pharmacological properties, metabolism, and potential toxicity. The compound has little history of extensive human use, leading to uncertainties about its long-term effects. Preliminary evidence suggests that mephedrone may exhibit neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties. Consequently, users are strongly advised to adopt harm reduction practices when considering the use of this substance.

Subjective Effects

Mephedrone, a synthetic stimulant, is known for its pronounced effects on both the physical and cognitive aspects of users. The experience can vary significantly based on dosage and individual sensitivity.

Physical Effects

• Stimulation: Mephedrone is regarded as highly stimulating, significantly enhancing physical energy levels. This stimulation often leads to increased activity levels such as running, dancing, and climbing, making it a popular choice at musical events like festivals and raves. Users typically experience a "forced" form of stimulation, particularly at higher doses, where remaining still can become challenging. This may manifest as jaw clenching, involuntary body shakes, and unsteady hands, indicating a loss of motor control.

• Spontaneous Physical Sensations: The "body high" associated with mephedrone is described as a euphoric tingling sensation that can range from moderate to intense, enveloping the entire body. This pleasurable sensation tends to build steadily until reaching its peak.

• Physical Euphoria: Users often report heightened levels of physical pleasure and euphoric feelings.

• Vibrating Vision: Mephedrone can cause rapid, involuntary movement of the eyeballs, leading to blurry and unfocused vision, a phenomenon referred to as opsoclonus.

• Dehydration: A common side effect of mephedrone use is dry mouth and dehydration. This results from an increased heart rate and a strong motivation to engage in physical activity. Users are advised to hydrate carefully, as excessive water intake can lead to water intoxication.

• Difficulty Urinating: Higher doses of mephedrone can make urination challenging, although this effect is temporary and generally harmless.

• Vasoconstriction: According to a survey from the UK's National Addiction Centre, approximately 15% of mephedrone users report experiencing cold or blue fingers and lips, signs of vasoconstriction.

• Tactile Enhancement: Users may experience increased sensitivity to touch.

• Increased Heart Rate: Mephedrone often results in a heightened heart rate.

• Increased Perspiration: Users may notice an increase in sweating.

• Increased Blood Pressure: Mephedrone can lead to elevated blood pressure levels.

• Body Odor Alteration: The drug can produce a distinct and unpleasant odor in urine, sweat, and other bodily secretions, often likened to the smell of cat urine.

• Teeth Grinding: Although less intense than with other stimulants like MDMA, teeth grinding can still occur with mephedrone use.

Cognitive Effects

The cognitive effects of mephedrone are multifaceted and generally intensify with increasing dosage. Users often describe their mental state while under the influence as one of heightened stimulation and profound euphoria. Key cognitive effects include:

• Cognitive Euphoria: Users typically experience strong emotional upliftment and happiness, likely due to the release of serotonin and dopamine.

• Thought Acceleration: Many report faster thinking processes.

• Increased Music Appreciation: Enhanced enjoyment of music is a common effect.

• Ego Inflation: Users may experience heightened self-esteem and self-importance.

• Disinhibition: A reduction in inhibitions is often reported.

• Empathy, Love, and Sociability Enhancement: While these effects are present, they are generally less intense than those produced by traditional entactogens like MDMA.

• Time Distortion: Users often experience strong feelings of time compression, making time seem to pass quickly.

• Motivation Enhancement: Increased motivation to engage in activities is commonly reported.

• Anxiety Suppression: Many users find that anxiety is reduced while under the influence.

• Compulsive Redosing: A strong urge to take more of the drug can occur.

• Increased Libido: Mephedrone is known for significantly enhancing sexual desire.

• Wakefulness: Users often experience increased alertness and wakefulness.

After Effects

The aftermath of a mephedrone experience often includes negative and uncomfortable sensations, commonly referred to as a "comedown." This phase is typically a result of neurotransmitter depletion and can include:

• Anxiety
• Cognitive Fatigue
• Depression
• Irritability
• Motivation Suppression
• Thought Deceleration
• Wakefulness

Toxicity and Harm Potential

Research on the long-term effects of mephedrone is limited due to its relatively recent emergence as a recreational substance. Consequently, the exact toxic dosage remains unknown.

In 2010, unverified reports emerged regarding mephedrone's involvement in several fatalities among young people in the UK. By July 2010, it was alleged that mephedrone was linked to 52 deaths, although it was detected in only 38 cases. Of the nine fatalities that were conclusively investigated, two were directly attributed to mephedrone. One notable case involved a 46-year-old individual with pre-existing health issues who had injected the drug multiple times. A report published in Forensic Science International indicated that mephedrone intoxication had been recognized as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland.

Legal Status

Mephedrone's legal status has evolved rapidly since its introduction. In December 2010, the European Council mandated that member states implement control measures and criminal penalties regarding mephedrone.

• Australia: Mephedrone is illegal for human consumption and is classified as a Schedule 9 prohibited substance under the Poisons Standard, which restricts its manufacture, possession, and sale except for specific medical or scientific purposes.

• Austria: Possession, production, and sale of mephedrone have been illegal since August 21, 2010, under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).

• Belgium: Mephedrone was banned on April 29, 2010, requiring government approval for importation, sale, or possession.

• Brazil: As of August 2011, mephedrone became a scheduled drug, making it illegal to possess, sell, or manufacture without a license.

• China: Mephedrone is classified as a Category I psychotropic substance, rendering its sale, purchase, importation, exportation, and manufacture illegal since September 1, 2010.

• Croatia: The substance has been classified as a controlled substance since January 12, 2010.

• Denmark: Mephedrone was banned on December 18, 2008, and further legislation in 2012 included it under analogue laws.

• Estonia: Mephedrone has been a controlled substance since November 2009.

• Finland: Classified as a medicinal product, it is illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer without a prescription.

• France: The French Ministry of Health added mephedrone to the list of illicit substances in June 2010.

• Germany: Mephedrone is controlled under Schedule I of the Narcotics Act (BtMG) as of January 22, 2010, prohibiting its manufacture, possession, importation, exportation, sale, or dispensing without a license.

• Guernsey: As of April 16, 2010, mephedrone is classified as a Class B controlled substance.

• Hungary: Mephedrone has been a List 1 controlled substance since January 1, 2011.

Mephedrone FAQ

1. What is mephedrone?

Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), is a synthetic stimulant belonging to the cathinone class. It is chemically similar to amphetamines and is known for its psychoactive effects.

2. What are the effects of mephedrone?

Mephedrone produces a range of effects, including intense euphoria, increased energy, enhanced sociability, and altered sensory perception. Physical effects can include increased heart rate, perspiration, and a euphoric "body high."

3. How is mephedrone consumed?

Mephedrone can be ingested in various ways, including orally (in pill form), snorted (as a powder), or injected. The method of consumption can affect the intensity and onset of effects.

4. Is mephedrone legal?

The legal status of mephedrone varies by country. It is banned in many places, including the UK, Australia, and several European nations, where it is classified as a controlled substance.

5. What are the risks of using mephedrone?

Potential risks include dehydration, increased heart rate, anxiety, and the possibility of addiction. The drug can also lead to severe negative aftereffects, often referred to as a "comedown."

6. Can mephedrone cause addiction?

Yes, mephedrone has the potential for addiction. Users may develop a strong urge to redose due to the euphoric effects, which can lead to habitual use.

7. What are the long-term effects of mephedrone?

Research on the long-term effects of mephedrone is limited due to its relatively recent emergence as a recreational drug. However, potential long-term risks may include psychological dependence and adverse effects on mental health.

8. What are the common side effects of mephedrone?

Common side effects can include dry mouth, difficulty urinating, anxiety, increased heart rate, and insomnia. Some users report experiencing unpleasant body odor and teeth grinding.

9. How does mephedrone affect the brain?

Mephedrone affects neurotransmitter systems, particularly those involving dopamine and serotonin, leading to feelings of euphoria and stimulation.

10. Is mephedrone dangerous?

While mephedrone can be enjoyed safely in controlled environments, its potential for adverse effects, particularly with high doses or in combination with other substances, makes it risky.

11. What should I do if someone overdoses on mephedrone?

If you suspect someone has overdosed on mephedrone, seek immediate medical assistance. Signs of overdose may include severe agitation, rapid heart rate, or loss of consciousness.

12. Can mephedrone be detected in drug tests?

Yes, mephedrone can be detected in urine drug tests, although standard tests may not always include it. Specialized tests are often required to confirm its presence.

13. How long do the effects of mephedrone last?

The effects of mephedrone typically last between 2 to 6 hours, depending on the dose and method of consumption. Aftereffects may persist for several hours to days.

14. Are there any therapeutic uses for mephedrone?

Currently, mephedrone does not have recognized therapeutic uses. Its primary association is with recreational drug use, which carries significant risks.

15. What happens during a mephedrone comedown?

The comedown from mephedrone can include symptoms like anxiety, irritability, cognitive fatigue, and depression, often due to neurotransmitter depletion.

16. Is it safe to mix mephedrone with other substances?

Mixing mephedrone with other substances, especially alcohol or other stimulants, can significantly increase the risk of adverse effects and should be avoided.

17. How can users reduce the risks associated with mephedrone?

To reduce risks, users should stay hydrated, avoid high doses, and take breaks between uses. It’s also advisable to be in a safe environment and avoid mixing substances.

18. Can mephedrone cause any mental health issues?

Yes, mephedrone use can lead to increased anxiety, paranoia, and mood disturbances, particularly with heavy or prolonged use.

19. Is there a safe dosage for mephedrone?

There is no universally safe dosage for mephedrone, as individual responses vary. Users should be cautious with dosages and monitor their reactions.

20. What should I know before using mephedrone?

Before considering using mephedrone, individuals should research its effects, risks, and legal status in their area, as well as consult with healthcare professionals if they have existing health concerns.