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Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Chemistry
3. Pharmacology
4. Subjective Effects
5. Natural Sources
6. Addiction Treatment
7. Neuroplasticity
8. Toxicity and Harm Potential
9. Tolerance and Addiction Potential
10. Legal Status
11. FAQ

Exploring Ibogaine: A Complex Psychedelic Substance

Origins and Traditional Use

10-Methoxyibogamine, commonly known as ibogaine, stands as a naturally occurring psychedelic substance within the tryptamine class. It is primarily found in Tabernanthe iboga, an indole alkaloid, while similar alkaloids exist in other plants belonging to the Apocynaceae family, such as Voacanga africana and Tabernaemontana undulata.

In West Central Africa, indigenous populations have historically utilized low dosages of Tabernanthe iboga extracts to combat fatigue, hunger, and thirst. Moreover, higher dosages capable of inducing visionary states are employed for initiation rituals during religious ceremonies.

Medical History and Research

The medical history of ibogaine in the Western world traces back to the early 1900s when it was initially indicated for use as a neuromuscular stimulant. Subsequently, during the 1940s and 1950s, researchers investigated its potential as a cardiovascular drug. However, it was in the 1960s that ibogaine garnered significant attention due to its perceived applicability as an anti-addiction medication.

Pharmacology and Complex Interactions

The pharmacology of ibogaine is intricate and not yet fully comprehended. Although it predominantly functions as a serotonergic psychedelic, it interacts with various brain systems, including transporters, opioid receptors, sigma receptors, glutamate receptors, and nicotinic receptors. Such complexity in its pharmacology presents a notable potential for adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular system. Since 1990, ibogaine use has been linked to at least 12 deaths.

Current Status and Research Prospects

As of now, ibogaine is not approved for any medical applications in the United States. Nonetheless, preliminary animal research suggests its potential in addiction treatment. However, the lack of substantial non-anecdotal human data poses a significant limitation. Despite its unlicensed status as a therapeutic drug and prevailing safety concerns, ibogaine is actively utilized as an anti-addiction medication in numerous clinics worldwide.

Unraveling the History and Cultural Significance

The Iboga Tree and Bwiti Religion

The Iboga tree holds a central position within the Bwiti religion, predominantly practiced in West-Central Africa, particularly in regions like Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of the Congo. In this religious context, the alkaloid-containing roots of the Iboga tree are revered for their psychoactive properties and are integral to various ceremonial practices within the Bwiti tradition.

Traditional Use among Indigenous Peoples

Indigenous communities have long utilized Ibogaine, derived from the Iboga tree, albeit in lower doses, for a variety of purposes. These include combatting fatigue, hunger, and thirst, indicating a diverse range of applications beyond its ceremonial significance within the Bwiti religion.

Tracing the Origins of Ibogaine Research

The journey of Ibogaine's exploration began in the late 19th century, marked by early attempts to understand its properties and potential applications.

Early Descriptions and Extracts

In 1885, a published description emerged detailing the ceremonial use of Tabernanthe iboga in Gabon, shedding light on its cultural and religious significance within indigenous practices. Ibogaine itself was first extracted and crystallized from the Tabernanthe iboga root in 1901, marking a significant milestone in the understanding of this psychoactive substance.

Synthesis and Structural Elucidation

The pursuit of understanding Ibogaine culminated in the total synthesis of the compound in 1956, representing a breakthrough in laboratory production methods. Further advancements came with the completion of structural elucidation through X-ray crystallography in 1960, providing invaluable insights into the molecular structure and properties of Ibogaine.

Chemistry

Structure of Ibogaine

Ibogaine, also known as 12-methoxyibogamine, belongs to the indole alkaloid group within the tryptamine chemical class. Tryptamines share a fundamental structure comprising a bicyclic indole heterocycle connected at R3 to an amino group through an ethyl side chain. However, ibogaine showcases unique substitutions compared to other hallucinogenic tryptamines.

At R10 of its structure, ibogaine features a methoxy group substitution. This location mirrors other R5-substituted tryptamines, such as 5-MeO-DMT. The traditional amino-attached ethyl chain of tryptamine forms a seven-member nitrogenous azepine ring in ibogaine. This azepine ring is fused to three interlocked cyclohexane rings, linked at the integrated tryptamine nitrogen of azepine and two carbons over. An ethyl chain is attached to the fusion of cyclohexane rings at R7.

Synthesis and Extraction

Ibogaine is acquired either through extraction from the iboga plant or via semi-synthesis from the precursor compound voacangine, which is another plant alkaloid.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action

Ibogaine is believed to induce its psychedelic effects primarily through its binding affinity at the 5-HT2A receptor. However, the precise role of these interactions and how they contribute to the psychedelic experience remain incompletely understood.

Metabolism and Bioavailability

In the human body, ibogaine undergoes rapid metabolism, primarily converting into noribogaine. Noribogaine functions as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and also exhibits moderate agonistic activity at κ-opioid receptors and weak agonistic activity at µ-opioid receptors. It is hypothesized that the action of ibogaine at the kappa opioid receptor may substantially contribute to its psychoactive effects.

Both ibogaine and noribogaine have a plasma half-life of approximately two hours in rats. However, the half-life of noribogaine tends to be slightly longer than that of the parent compound. It is suggested that ibogaine is stored in fat and metabolized into noribogaine upon release. After ibogaine ingestion in humans, noribogaine exhibits higher plasma levels than ibogaine and persists for a longer duration. Additionally, noribogaine demonstrates greater potency than ibogaine in rat drug discrimination assays assessing the subjective effects of ibogaine.

Furthermore, ibogaine demonstrates activity as an NMDA receptor antagonist, although further research is required to elucidate this aspect.

Subjective Effects

Disclaimer

The effects outlined below are based on the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), a collection of anecdotal user reports and personal analyses from contributors of PsychonautWiki. Therefore, it is important to approach these effects with a degree of skepticism.

Variability and Risks

It's crucial to understand that these effects may not occur consistently or predictably, with higher doses being more likely to induce the full spectrum of effects. Additionally, as doses increase, the likelihood of adverse effects also rises, which may include addiction, severe injury, or even death.

Physical Effects

Stimulation

• This effect is exclusively produced at low doses.

Spontaneous Bodily Sensations

• Individuals may experience a range of spontaneous bodily sensations.

Abnormal Heartbeat

• Occurs uncommonly and typically in individuals with preexisting cardiovascular issues.
• More likely to manifest at higher dosages due to inhibition of hERG channels in the heart.
• It's strongly advised to undergo a physical health evaluation before using this substance.

Physical Autonomy

• Users may experience a sense of physical autonomy.

Temperature Regulation Suppression

• Ibogaine may suppress the body's ability to regulate temperature.

Increased Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure may rise upon ingestion of ibogaine.

Increased Heart Rate & Decreased Heart Rate

• Ibogaine can cause fluctuations in heart rate, either increasing or decreasing it.

Muscle Contractions & Muscle Spasms

• Users may experience muscle contractions or spasms.

Constipation & Dehydration

• Ibogaine ingestion may lead to constipation and dehydration.

Dizziness

• Dizziness can occur as a physical effect of ibogaine.

Appetite Suppression

• Users may experience a decrease in appetite.

Nausea

• Nausea is a potential side effect of ibogaine consumption.

Perception of Bodily Heaviness

• Individuals may perceive a sensation of bodily heaviness.

Pupil Dilation

• Ibogaine ingestion may result in pupil dilation.

Spatial Disorientation

• Users may feel disoriented, off-balance, and dizzy.

Disconnective Effects

Dissociative-like Effects

• Despite its classification as a psychedelic tryptamine, ibogaine can induce dissociative-like effects due to its properties as an NMDA receptor antagonist.

Consciousness Disconnection & Detachment Plateaus

• Users may experience disconnection from consciousness and detachment plateaus.

Tactile & Visual Disconnection

• Ibogaine can induce tactile and visual disconnection.

Hallucinatory States

• Users may enter hallucinatory states characterized by autonomous entities, settings, and landscapes.

Cognitive Effects

Analysis Enhancement

• Ibogaine may enhance analytical thinking and introspection.

Wakefulness

• Its powerful stimulant and hallucinogenic effects can keep users awake for extended periods, sometimes several days.

Anxiety & Catharsis

• Users may experience anxiety and cathartic experiences.

Conceptual Thinking & Delusion

• Ibogaine may stimulate conceptual thinking but can also induce delusional thoughts.

Dream Potentiation & Emotion Enhancement

• Dream potentiation and heightened emotions are potential effects of ibogaine.

Feelings of Impending Doom & Immersion Enhancement

• Feelings of impending doom and enhanced immersion in experiences may occur.

Increased Libido & Music Appreciation

• Ibogaine may increase libido and enhance appreciation for music.

Memory Suppression & Ego Death

• Memory suppression and ego death are possible cognitive effects.

Mindfulness & Novelty Enhancement

• Users may experience mindfulness and heightened appreciation for novelty.

Personal Bias Suppression & Personality Regression

• Ibogaine may suppress personal biases and induce regression in personality.

Rejuvenation & Autonomous Voice Communication

• Rejuvenation and autonomous voice communication are potential cognitive effects.

Thought Loops & Thought Organization

• Thought loops and organized thinking processes can occur.

Time Distortion & Addiction Suppression

• Ibogaine may distort perception of time and suppress addictive tendencies.

Auditory Effects

Enhancements & Distortions

• Auditory enhancements and distortions may manifest.

Hallucinations

• Auditory hallucinations are possible effects of ibogaine.

Multi-sensory Effects

Component Controllability & Synaesthesia

• Users may experience controllable components and synaesthetic perceptions.

Transpersonal Effects

Spirituality Enhancement & Existential Self-Realization

• Ibogaine can enhance spirituality and lead to existential self-realization.

Perception of Self-Design & Unity

• Users may perceive a sense of self-design and unity with the universe.

Experience Reports

• There are currently no anecdotal reports available describing the effects of ibogaine within our experience index. Additional reports may be found on platforms such as Erowid Experience Vaults.

Natural Sources

Distribution

Ibogaine is naturally found within various sources primarily located on the African continent.

Addiction Treatment

Research suggests that ibogaine holds promise in treating dependencies on substances such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine, as well as addressing compulsive behavioral patterns not directly linked to substance abuse or chemical dependence. However, systematic investigation within conventional clinical research settings is deemed necessary.

Many ibogaine users report experiencing visual phenomena akin to a waking dream state during treatment. These may include instructive replays of life events contributing to their addiction or therapeutic shamanic visions aiding in conquering fears and negative emotions underlying addiction. It's suggested that intensive counseling, therapy, and aftercare during the post-treatment period are crucial. Some individuals may require multiple ibogaine treatment sessions over the following months. While ibogaine shows potential, a minority may relapse into addiction within a short timeframe.

Ibogaine therapy has also shown promise in reducing cravings for methamphetamine and may complement other treatments, such as those involving LSD, which has demonstrated therapeutic effects on alcoholism. Both substances encourage introspection and provide opportunities for reflection on addiction sources. Additionally, they offer intense transformative experiences that can contextualize established behavioral patterns. Ibogaine, in particular, exhibits the added benefit of preventing withdrawal effects.

Neuroplasticity

A study conducted in 2018 demonstrated neuroplasticity induced by noribogaine, an active metabolite of ibogaine, and other psychedelics. This neuroplasticity was observed through TrkB, mTOR, and 5-HT2A signaling pathways.

Toxicity and Harm Potential

Cardiac Complications

Ibogaine has been linked to life-threatening heart issues, including QT prolongation. It can be consumed safely, but only under the supervision of trained medical professionals.

Tolerance and Addiction Potential

Non-habit-forming Nature

Ibogaine is not considered habit-forming, and the desire to use it may actually diminish with regular consumption. Similar to many psychedelics, it is often believed to be self-regulating.

Legal Status

Ibogaine is unregulated and unlicensed in most countries, with some exceptions noted below:

• Brazil: Legalized for prescription use since January 14, 2016.
• Canada: Classified as a prescription drug since 2017.
• Germany: Not classified as a controlled substance under the Narcotics Act or the New Psychoactive Substances Act. It falls under the definition of a medicine but lacks effective regulation due to EU law considerations.
• Mexico: Remains unregulated as of 2009.
• New Zealand: Gazetted as a non-approved prescription medicine in 2009.
• Norway: Illegal, along with all tryptamine derivatives.
• Sweden: Classified as Schedule I.
• Switzerland: Controlled substance listed under Verzeichnis D.
• United Kingdom: Illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act since May 26, 2016.
• United States: Classified as a Schedule I drug and not approved for addiction treatment or any therapeutic use due to hallucinogenic, cardiovascular, and potentially neurotoxic effects, as well as limited safety and efficacy data in human subjects.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

1. Is ibogaine safe to use?

Ibogaine can be taken safely but only under the supervision of trained medical professionals due to its potential for life-threatening heart complications.

2. Is ibogaine habit-forming?

No, ibogaine is not habit-forming, and the desire to use it may actually decrease with regular consumption, similar to many other psychedelics.

3. What is the legal status of ibogaine?

Ibogaine is unregulated and unlicensed in most countries, with some exceptions. It is classified as a Schedule I drug in the United States and illegal in the United Kingdom, while other countries may have varying degrees of regulation or legalization for prescription use.

4. Can ibogaine be used for addiction treatment?

Research suggests that ibogaine may be useful in treating dependencies on substances such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine, as well as addressing compulsive behavioral patterns. However, further investigation in conventional clinical research settings is needed.

5. What are the potential risks associated with ibogaine?

Ibogaine has been associated with cardiac complications, hallucinogenic effects, and potential neurotoxicity. It should only be used under medical supervision and with careful consideration of individual health conditions.

6. How does ibogaine work in the brain?

Ibogaine is believed to produce its effects primarily through its binding affinity at the 5-HT2A receptor. It also acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and exhibits activity at opioid receptors.

7. Are there any countries where ibogaine is legal?

Yes, ibogaine is legal for prescription use in countries like Brazil and Canada. However, it remains unregulated or illegal in many other countries around the world.

8. What are the potential long-term effects of ibogaine use?

Long-term effects of ibogaine use are not fully understood and require further research. However, some users may report lasting changes in perception, mood, and behavior following ibogaine treatment.