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Specification
Product Name: 3-FPM
IUPAC Name: 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine> 3'-fluorophenmetrazine
Other Names: PAL-593, 3F-Phenmetrazine, 3F-Fenmetrazyna, 3'-fluorophenmetrazine
Cas Number: 8325122-12-1
Molecular Formula: C11H14FNO
Molar Mass: 195.230 g/mol
Effect: stimulant, psychedelic
Purity of the substance: ≥99.8%
Physical properties: Crystals
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Table of Contents


  1. Introduction to 3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM)
  2. History and Emergence
  3. Subjective Effects
  4. Chemistry of 3-FPM
    1. Structure and Composition
    2. Comparison with Other Stimulants
  5. Pharmacology of 3-FPM
    1. Mechanism of Action
    2. Potency and Neurotransmitter Release
  6. Safety and Harm Reduction
  • Subjective Effects of 3-FPM
    • Physical Effects
    • Cognitive Effects
    • Visual Effects
    • After Effects
  • Toxicity and Harm Potential
  • Legal Status of 3-FPM
  • FAQ

  • 1. Introduction to 3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM)


    3-Fluorophenmetrazine (commonly abbreviated as 3-FPM, also known as PAL-593) is a novel stimulant substance that belongs to the phenylmorpholine class. It is a derivative of phenmetrazine, a stimulant that was widely used in Europe in the 1950s as an appetite suppressant (anorectic). The psychoactive effects of 3-FPM are produced by increasing the levels of key neurotransmitters in the brain: serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.


    3-FPM has gained popularity in recent years due to its relatively subtle stimulant effects, which many users compare to those of amphetamine, but with a smoother, more controlled experience. It first became available on online research chemical markets in early 2015.


    2. History and Emergence


    The synthesis and pharmacology of 3-FPM were first documented in a patent filed in 2011, and it entered the research chemical market in early 2015. Its parent compound, phenmetrazine, was initially used as an appetite suppressant but was later withdrawn from the market due to concerns over abuse and addiction. This led to the exploration of various analogs, including 3-FPM, which was designed to offer stimulant effects with potentially less risk of addiction.


    3. Subjective Effects


    Users of 3-FPM frequently report a range of classical stimulant effects that include:


    • Stimulation: Increased energy levels and alertness.
    • Enhanced Focus and Motivation: Many users find that 3-FPM improves concentration, making it a potential study aid.
    • Thought Acceleration: Faster thought processes and heightened cognitive activity.
    • Euphoria: Mild to moderate feelings of pleasure, although less pronounced compared to other stimulants like amphetamines.


    A notable characteristic of 3-FPM is that, in comparison to stronger stimulants, it tends to produce less anxiety, nervousness, and insomnia. Its subtle effects and controlled stimulation make it a preferred choice for users seeking a productivity enhancer rather than a recreational high. However, there have been reports of serious nervous system reactions in a minority of users, suggesting variability in how individuals tolerate the substance.


    4. Chemistry of 3-FPM


    4.1 Structure and Composition


    3-FPM is a synthetic molecule that is part of the amphetamine family. Amphetamines are characterized by a phenethylamine core, which consists of a phenyl ring attached to an amino group through an ethyl chain. Amphetamines are typically "alpha-methylated phenethylamines," meaning they have a methyl group substitution at the Rα position.


    The defining features of 3-FPM's structure include:


    • A fluorine atom attached at the R3 position of the phenyl ring.
    • Part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At the R2 position, an oxygen group is attached to the ethyl chain, which links to the terminal amine group, forming a morpholine group.


    3-FPM is essentially a fluorinated derivative of phenmetrazine, which gives it a similar stimulant profile but with some distinct pharmacological properties due to the fluorine substitution.


    4.2 Comparison with Other Stimulants


    As a phenylmorpholine derivative, 3-FPM shares structural similarities with phenmetrazine and other stimulants in the amphetamine family. However, its unique molecular modifications, such as the fluorine atom, result in a different pharmacological and subjective experience. Compared to traditional amphetamines, 3-FPM's effects are generally milder, with fewer reports of severe side effects like jitteriness and insomnia.


    5. Pharmacology of 3-FPM


    5.1 Mechanism of Action


    3-FPM is classified as a sympathomimetic stimulant, meaning it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and mimics the effects of endogenous neurotransmitters. It achieves its psychoactive effects by acting as a releasing agent for dopamine and norepinephrine. By promoting the release of these neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, 3-FPM increases their concentration in the brain, leading to stimulation, euphoria, and heightened focus.


    The parent compound of 3-FPM, phenmetrazine, was used in the 1960s and 1970s for its appetite-suppressing properties, but concerns over abuse and addiction led to its discontinuation.


    5.2 Potency and Neurotransmitter Release


    The potency of 3-FPM in inducing the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and noradrenaline (NE) has been compared to that of phenmetrazine. The table below highlights the release-inducing potency (EC50) of 3-FPM compared to phenmetrazine:


    Neurotransmitter3-FPM (EC50)Phenmetrazine (EC50)
    Dopamine (DA)Data not availableData not available
    Serotonin (5-HT)Data not availableData not available
    Noradrenaline (NE)Data not availableData not available


    (Note: Specific EC50 values were not provided in the original article, so further studies are needed to establish a precise comparison.)


    6. Safety and Harm Reduction


    Very limited information exists regarding the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 3-FPM. As with many new or research chemicals, the lack of clinical trials and peer-reviewed studies poses risks. Anecdotal reports suggest that while many users experience mild and controlled stimulation, others may experience more severe reactions, particularly involving the nervous system.


    Due to this uncertainty, it is strongly advised to use harm reduction practices when experimenting with 3-FPM. This includes starting with very small doses, avoiding combining it with other substances, and monitoring for any adverse effects. Users are encouraged to research the substance thoroughly before use and to be aware of potential legal restrictions in their region.


     Subjective Effects of 3-FPM


     Physical Effects


    The physical effects of 3-FPM are generally described as mild to moderate when compared to traditional stimulants like amphetamines, MDMA, or cocaine. While it shares some similar characteristics, the intensity of its effects is often less pronounced. Here is a breakdown of the key physical effects reported by users:


    • Stimulation: 3-FPM typically produces a mild to moderate level of physical stimulation. It can increase energy levels and make physical tasks like chores or repetitive activities more enjoyable or less burdensome. However, the stimulation is less intense than what is seen with recreational stimulants like amphetamines or cocaine.

    • Abnormal Heartbeat: Some users report irregular heartbeats, though this seems to occur mostly at higher doses.

    • Increased Heart Rate: While 3-FPM can increase heart rate, this effect is generally mild compared to amphetamines or cocaine. However, the impact can become more pronounced with higher doses or frequent redosing.

    • Stamina Enhancement: 3-FPM can improve stamina, allowing users to engage in physical activity for longer periods.

    • Appetite Suppression: Similar to other stimulants, 3-FPM suppresses appetite, but this effect is milder compared to amphetamines and methamphetamine.

    • Increased Perspiration: Sweating is a common side effect of 3-FPM, especially during physical activities.

    • Dehydration: Increased physical activity, combined with appetite suppression, can lead to dehydration. Users are advised to drink plenty of water.

    • Frequent Urination: 3-FPM often causes increased urination.

    • Dry Mouth: A common stimulant side effect, dry mouth, is reported by many users.

    • Vasoconstriction: While not well-documented, 3-FPM may cause narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) like other stimulants.

    • Increased Libido: Anecdotal reports suggest that 3-FPM has aphrodisiac effects, enhancing sexual desire and performance.

    • Decreased Libido: In some cases, especially at higher doses or prolonged use, vasoconstriction and other stimulant effects can reduce sexual performance or make physical intimacy more difficult.

    • Pupil Dilation: 3-FPM can cause the pupils to dilate, a common effect of stimulant drugs.

    • Teeth Grinding: Users occasionally report teeth grinding (bruxism), although this effect is typically less intense than what is experienced with MDMA.


     Cognitive Effects


    The cognitive effects of 3-FPM are one of the main reasons for its popularity. It is often used as a productivity enhancer due to its functional stimulant properties. However, some cognitive effects are dose-dependent, with higher doses leading to more recreational effects. These include:


    • Anxiety: At higher doses or in sensitive individuals, 3-FPM can cause anxiety, similar to other stimulants.

    • Analysis Enhancement: Some users report enhanced ability to analyze information and solve problems while on 3-FPM.

    • Disinhibition: At moderate to high doses, 3-FPM can reduce social inhibitions, leading to increased sociability and a loss of self-control, similar to traditional stimulants like amphetamines.

    • Cognitive Euphoria: Mild euphoria is experienced by some users, but it is significantly less intense than with stronger stimulants like cocaine or methamphetamine.

    • Ego Inflation: Users may experience an inflated sense of self-worth or confidence, particularly at higher doses.

    • Focus Enhancement: One of the key cognitive effects of 3-FPM is enhanced focus, which is most noticeable at low to moderate doses. Higher doses can impair concentration.

    • Motivation Enhancement: Users report increased motivation to engage in tasks, especially those requiring focus and sustained attention.

    • Immersion Enhancement: 3-FPM can make users feel more immersed in activities such as reading, working, or engaging in creative tasks.

    • Increased Music Appreciation: As with other stimulants, some users find that music sounds more enjoyable or immersive.

    • Thought Acceleration: A common effect of stimulants, users report that their thoughts feel faster or more fluid.

    • Time Distortion: Some users experience time passing more quickly than usual while on 3-FPM.

    • Wakefulness: 3-FPM promotes wakefulness and can prevent users from feeling tired or sleepy.


     Visual Effects


    While visual effects are not a primary feature of 3-FPM, some users report mild visual changes at high doses, especially when combined with sleep deprivation. These effects may include:


    • Brightness Alteration: Users often report an increase in perceived brightness, especially in dark environments.


     After Effects


    The after effects of 3-FPM, or the "comedown," can vary significantly between users. While some report a mild comedown, others experience more intense discomfort, especially after redosing. Common after effects include:


    • Anxiety: Feelings of unease or worry can arise after the stimulant effects wear off.

    • Cognitive Fatigue: Mental exhaustion is often reported after using 3-FPM, especially following extended use or high doses.

    • Depression: A temporary feeling of sadness or low mood can occur, particularly as dopamine levels in the brain drop.

    • Irritability: Users may feel short-tempered or easily frustrated.

    • Motivation Suppression: After the effects of the drug wear off, some users feel a lack of motivation or desire to engage in activities.

    • Thought Deceleration: Users may find that their thoughts slow down as the stimulant effect fades.

    • Wakefulness: Some users report difficulty sleeping even after the main effects have subsided.

    • Derealization: Some individuals may feel disconnected from their surroundings or reality during the comedown.




     Toxicity and Harm Potential


    There is currently very little scientific data on the long-term health effects or toxicity of 3-FPM. The exact toxic dosage is unknown, as the drug has not been widely studied in humans. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that 3-FPM is relatively well-tolerated at low to moderate doses, though there have been reports of serious side effects in some individuals.


    Some users have reported experiencing flu-like symptoms after using 3-FPM, particularly during the comedown. These symptoms include:


    • Muscle and joint aches
    • Fever and chills
    • Headaches, sometimes accompanied by migraine auras


    It is speculated that these symptoms could be due to systemic inflammation caused by 3-FPM. As a result, new users are advised to start with very low doses and carefully gauge their body’s response to the drug.




     Legal Status of 3-FPM


    The legal status of 3-FPM varies significantly by country. Some countries have explicitly banned it, while others allow it to be sold for research purposes only. Below is a summary of its legal status in several jurisdictions:


    • Germany: 3-FPM is controlled under the NpSG (New Psychoactive Substances Act) as of November 26, 2016. However, as of 2022, it is legal if sold for research purposes.

    • Israel: 3-FPM has been illegal to buy, sell, or possess since 2017.

    • Sweden: The public health agency recommended that 3-FPM be classified as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.

    • Switzerland: 3-FPM is listed as a controlled substance under Verzeichnis E, added to the list of controlled substances in December 2015.

    • Turkey: 3-FPM is classified as an illegal drug, with its production, possession, supply, or importation prohibited.

    • United Kingdom: 3-FPM is banned under the Psychoactive Substances Act, effective from May 26, 2016.

    • United States: While 3-FPM is not scheduled at the federal level, it could be considered an analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug, under the Federal Analogue Act if intended for human consumption. In Virginia, 3-F



    3-FPM Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)


    1. What is 3-FPM?


    3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic stimulant from the phenylmorpholine class. It is a fluorinated derivative of phenmetrazine, a drug once used as an appetite suppressant. 3-FPM increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, leading to its stimulating effects.


    2. Is 3-FPM legal?


    The legality of 3-FPM varies by country. It is banned in several countries, including Israel, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and some U.S. states. In other regions, it may be legal for research purposes only, such as in Germany under the NpSG.


    3. What are the effects of 3-FPM?


    Users report physical and cognitive effects like mild stimulation, increased focus, motivation, and euphoria. It can enhance wakefulness, reduce appetite, and provide a sense of mental clarity. However, its effects are generally milder compared to stronger stimulants like amphetamines.


    4. What are the common physical effects of 3-FPM?


    Physical effects include mild stimulation, increased heart rate, appetite suppression, increased perspiration, dehydration, dry mouth, and in some cases, pupil dilation. Some users also report enhanced libido, while others experience decreased libido.


    5. Is 3-FPM addictive?


    There is limited research on the addictive potential of 3-FPM. Like other stimulants, frequent use can lead to tolerance and psychological dependence, but the exact risk is unclear due to a lack of long-term studies.


    6. Can 3-FPM cause anxiety?


    Yes, anxiety is a commonly reported side effect, particularly at higher doses. Some users experience increased nervousness or agitation during the drug's comedown phase.


    7. What is the dosage range for 3-FPM?


    While there is no officially recommended dosage, anecdotal reports suggest that doses range from 10 mg to 60 mg, with most users taking 20-40 mg per session. It’s crucial to start with a low dose to assess individual tolerance.


    8. What are the cognitive effects of 3-FPM?


    3-FPM is known to enhance focus, motivation, and thought acceleration. Some users report cognitive euphoria, increased productivity, and improved ability to analyze and solve problems. However, at higher doses, it can cause disinhibition, anxiety, and ego inflation.


    9. What are the visual effects of 3-FPM?


    Visual effects are typically mild and occur mostly at higher doses or with sleep deprivation. Users sometimes report brightness alterations, especially in dark environments.


    10. Can 3-FPM be used as a study aid?


    Yes, 3-FPM is often used as a study aid or productivity enhancer due to its ability to improve focus, concentration, and motivation at low to moderate doses. However, its potential for anxiety and overstimulation should be considered.


    11. What are the after effects or comedown symptoms?


    The comedown from 3-FPM can include anxiety, irritability, cognitive fatigue, depression, and thought deceleration. Some users also report feelings of derealization or lingering wakefulness.


    12. Is 3-FPM safe?


    The safety of 3-FPM is not well-established due to the lack of long-term studies. Anecdotal reports suggest that it is relatively well-tolerated at low doses, but there have been cases of negative effects like flu-like symptoms during the comedown phase. Harm reduction practices are strongly recommended.


    13. How does 3-FPM compare to other stimulants like amphetamine or cocaine?


    3-FPM is generally considered to have milder effects than stronger stimulants like amphetamine, MDMA, or cocaine. It produces less euphoria and nervousness but can still offer stimulation and focus enhancement. Some users prefer it for its subtle, controlled effects.


    14. What are the risks of redosing 3-FPM?


    Redosing can prolong the stimulant effects but increases the risk of negative side effects such as anxiety, overstimulation, and physical discomfort. Prolonged use or frequent redosing may also lead to a more pronounced comedown.


    15. Can 3-FPM cause insomnia?


    Yes, like other stimulants, 3-FPM can cause difficulty sleeping, especially if taken in higher doses or late in the day. Its wakefulness-promoting effects can persist beyond the desired time of stimulation.


    16. What are the long-term effects of using 3-FPM?


    There is little scientific research on the long-term effects of 3-FPM use. Due to its relatively recent introduction to the market, long-term health risks remain unknown. Users should approach its use with caution, particularly with repeated or high-dose consumption.


    17. Can 3-FPM cause heart problems?


    3-FPM can increase heart rate and may cause abnormal heartbeats in some individuals, particularly at higher doses. While it is generally milder on the cardiovascular system compared to stronger stimulants, those with pre-existing heart conditions should avoid using it.


    18. Is there a risk of serotonin syndrome with 3-FPM?


    Although 3-FPM affects serotonin levels, it primarily acts on dopamine and norepinephrine. The risk of serotonin syndrome (a potentially dangerous condition caused by excessive serotonin) is low but possible, especially if combined with other serotonergic substances.


    19. Can 3-FPM be detected in drug tests?


    There is limited information about whether 3-FPM is detected in standard drug screenings. However, since it is a derivative of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug, it could potentially be flagged in more specialized tests.


    20. What should I do if I experience severe side effects from 3-FPM?


    If you experience severe side effects, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, intense anxiety, or prolonged physical discomfort, you should seek medical attention immediately. Be sure to inform healthcare professionals of your 3-FPM use to ensure appropriate treatment.



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